Understanding current medical malpractice damages cap laws across all 50 states is essential for accurate case evaluation and client counseling. Caps directly limit how much your clients can recover, and state-imposed limits affect every settlement negotiation.
This comprehensive guide provides the latest statutory limits updates, constitutional status, and recent legal developments in 2025.
What Are Medical Malpractice Damages Caps?
Medical malpractice damages caps are state laws that limit how much money patients can recover in successful lawsuits against health care providers. These limits apply to different types of damages and vary significantly by state.
Noneconomic damages represent subjective losses that cannot be easily quantified through documentation. Examples include:
- Pain and suffering
- Emotional distress
- Loss of consortium
- Loss of enjoyment of life
Economic damages compensate for objectively verifiable monetary losses calculated through documentation and expert testimony. Examples include:
- Medical expenses
- Lost wages
- Future care costs
- Loss of earning capacity
Total damage caps limit the combined recovery from both economic and noneconomic damages, creating absolute ceilings on case values.
Most state caps target noneconomic damages and leave economic damages uncapped, requiring attorneys to emphasize documentary evidence of financial losses while managing client expectations regarding pain and suffering recovery.
How Many States Have Medical Malpractice Caps?
As of 2025, twenty-eight states maintain some form of medical malpractice damages caps, covering noneconomic damages, catastrophic injury, wrongful death, and total damages.
Twenty-two states have no statutory limits on malpractice recoveries:
- Ruled unconstitutional: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Washington.
- Constitutional provisions against limits: Arizona, Arkansas, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming.
- No statute enacted: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
2025 Medical Malpractice Caps by State
The following table provides current damage cap information for all 50 states in 2025.
This table reflects current statutory limits as of September 2025. Constitutional challenges and legislative changes continue to evolve. Colorado, Indiana, Louisiana, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Virginia are the only states that enforce economic caps.
States Where Damages Caps Were Ruled Unconstitutional
Nine states have had their medical malpractice damages caps struck down by state supreme courts on various constitutional grounds.
These decisions were based on violations of the right to trial by jury, equal protection clauses, separation of powers principles, and state constitutional remedy provisions.
- Alabama - The Alabama Supreme Court struck down a $400,000 cap on noneconomic damages in Moore v. Mobile Infirmary Association (1991), finding violations of equal protection and jury trial rights.
- Florida - In North Broward Hospital District v. Kalitan (2017), the Florida Supreme Court ruled that tiered caps on noneconomic damages violated equal protection by arbitrarily treating different classes of medical malpractice victims unequally.
- Georgia - The Georgia Supreme Court held in Atlanta Oculoplastic Surgery, P.C. v. Nestlehutt (2010) that the $350,000 cap violated the constitutional right to jury trial by nullifying jury findings on damages.
- Illinois - The Illinois Supreme Court struck down caps in LeBron v. Gottlieb Memorial Hospital (2010), ruling they violated separation of powers by encroaching on judicial authority to review verdicts.
- Kansas - In Hilburn v. Enerpipe Ltd. (2019), the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that statutory caps on noneconomic damages violated the state constitutional right to trial by jury.
- New Hampshire - Multiple court decisions, including Carson v. Maurer (1980) and Brannigan v. Usitalo (1991), declared caps unconstitutional based on equal protection and constitutional remedy provisions.
- Oklahoma - The Oklahoma Supreme Court ruled in Beason v. I.E. Miller Services, Inc. (2019) that the $350,000 cap was an unconstitutional "special law" that impermissibly treated injury survivors differently from wrongful death victims.
- Oregon - In Busch v. McInnis Waste Systems, Inc. (2020), the Oregon Supreme Court held that damages caps violated the state constitutional remedy clause, which guarantees adequate legal remedies for injuries.
- Washington - The Washington Supreme Court found in Sofie v. Fibreboard Corp. (1989) that damages caps unconstitutionally infringed on the right to trial by jury.
Recent Legal and Political Developments
- California's AB 35 implementation resulted in noneconomic damages caps increasing from January 2023 by $40,000 for personal injury claims and $50,000 for wrongful death claims.
The legislation establishes annual increases until standard caps reach $750,000 and wrongful death caps reach $1 million by 2032.
- Colorado's House Bill 24-1472 increases noneconomic damages caps from $300,000 to $415,000 effective January 1, 2025, with planned increases to $875,000 by 2029 and biennial inflation adjustments thereafter.
Wrongful death caps increase to $2.125 million, creating substantially higher settlement ranges for catastrophic cases.
- Montana’s Bill HB 195 (2025) revised the noneconomic damages limit in medical malpractice actions with an immediate cap increase from $250,000 to $300,000.
There will be subsequent $50,000 annual increases to 2029, before readjusting to 2% annual increases thereafter.
Case Spotlight: Paganini v Cataract Eye Center of Cleveland
In January 2025, the Ohio Eighth District Court of Appeals issued a decision expanding “as-applied” constitutional challenges to damages caps.
In Paganini v. Cataract Eye Center of Cleveland, the plaintiff, John Paganini, suffered a catastrophic medical injury: loss of an eye following a misdiagnosed infection after cataract surgery. Under Ohio’s R.C. 2323.43(A)(3), a cap of $500,000 applies in cases involving “permanent and substantial physical deformity or loss of a bodily organ system.”
The appellate court held that applying the $500,000 cap to Paganini in this specific case violated his due process rights under the Ohio Constitution, because the cap produced an arbitrary and unreasonable reduction in his damages due to his severe injury.
The jury awarded $1,487,500 in noneconomic damages.
Staying Current with Evolving Damages Cap Landscape
Medical malpractice caps continue evolving through legislative changes, constitutional challenges, and inflation adjustments that directly impact case strategy and settlement negotiations.
- Case valuation requires regular verification of current cap amounts due to annual inflation adjustments or preset increases.
- Constitutional challenge strategies benefit from the Ohio appellate court precedent establishing "as-applied" challenges as viable alternatives to facial constitutional attacks.
- Multi-jurisdictional practices must maintain current knowledge of cap variations that range from no limits to $3 million maximum recoveries.
Maximizing Recovery Under Damages Caps
Understanding statutory damages caps is only half the equation. Maximizing policy limit settlements requires comprehensive medical record analysis, strategic case presentation, and efficient documentation workflows.
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